The last few weeks have seen temperatures fluctuate from a high of 16.8°C on the 28th of January to a low of -13.8°C on the 8th of February at Altnaharra. Similarly temperatures at Loch Glascarnoch swung from a high of 17.4°C to a low of -10.8°C over the same dates.
Recent temperature fluctuations in the Scottish Highlands Read More »
Temperatures across IONAIONA Islands Of North Atlantic. Yes I know there's an island called Iona, but this is so I don't have to use the term 'British Isles' when referring to the whole of Ireland and the UK. were close to average in January. I suspect the mean MSLPMSLP Mean sea level pressure is the pressure at sea level, or, when measured at a given elevation on land, the station pressure reduced to sea level assuming an isothermal layer at the station temperature. chart is not telling us the full story, because with a mean flow like this, you might have expected temperatures to have been well above average.
If you turn up the granularity the pentad mean pressure charts reveals why January wasn’t much milder. The 7th to 11th was cold and anticyclonic, the 12th to 16th NW’ly and the 17th to 31st was a milder W or SW’ly.
January 2024 | Circulation Read More »
Sunday the 28th of January 2024 was an interesting day across the Northwest of Scotland. The manual maximum temperature reading of 19.9°C at Achfary in Sutherland caught the UKMOUKMO The Meteorological Office is the United Kingdom's national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy out completely, it was only yesterday that they were predicting the highest temperature today would be 16°C in the north of Wales, with a high of only 14°C forecast for the north of Scotland. It seems they have some serious problems forecasting temperatures in foehnFoehn A foehn, is a type of dry, relatively warm, downslope wind that occurs in the lee (downwind side) of a mountain range. It is a rain shadow wind that results from the subsequent adiabatic warming of air that has dropped most of its moisture on windward slopes (see orographic lift). As a consequence of the different adiabatic lapse rates of moist and dry air, the air on the leeward slopes becomes warmer than equivalent elevations on the windward slopes. conditions like these in their mesoscale model. Provisionally, the 19.9°C at Achfary exceeded the old record of 18.3°C by a whopping 1.6°C.
There was also a strange area of moderate/heavy rain which developed across central Scotland on the radar during the early afternoon, well ahead of the cold front that was just coming into the Western Isles at 1455 UTCUTC Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean solar time (such as UT1) at 0° longitude (at the IERS Reference Meridian as the currently used prime meridian) and is not adjusted for daylight saving time. It is effectively a successor to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).. In StrathpefferStrathpeffer Strathpeffer (Scottish Gaelic: Srath Pheofhair) is a village and spa town in Easter Ross, Highland, Scotland, with a population of 1,469. it produced large spots of rain from 1330 UTC, and a spell of moderate rain just before 15 UTC. The rain seemed to be falling out of blue sky at times, and even at 15 UTC there was only seven oktas of thin CICSCICS A combination of Cirrus Cirrostratus cloud and some thin lenticular ACAC Altocumulus clouds are generally associated with settled weather and will normally appear white or grey with shading. Height of base: 7,000 - 18,000 ft Shape: Bands or areas of individual cells Latin: altum - height; cumulus - heap Altocumulus clouds are small mid-level layers or patches of clouds, called cloudlets, which most commonly exist in the shape of rounded clumps. There are many varieties of altocumulus, however, meaning they can appear in a range of shapes. Altocumulus are made up of a mix of ice and water, giving them a slightly more ethereal appearance than the big and fluffy lower level cumulus. in the sky. The wind in the tops of the trees must have been close to force six from 270° so all I can assume it was being blown a very long way. The only thing I can think that caused it was an upper cold front running ahead and parallel to the cold front.
Sunday, 28 January 2024 | Warmest January day in UK Read More »
Gales around the coast of the British Isles are a fairly common occurrence, but inland they occur much less frequently. In the media the word ‘gale’ seems to be bandied about with little thought of what it actually means. According to the fourth edition of the Meteorological glossary, published in 1963, a gale was a 10 minute sustained mean wind speed of 34 knots (39 mph) or more. As an observer from 1970 to 1995 that’s what I always thought the definition was, but in the sixth edition of the glossary, published some thirty years later, I notice that the definition has been updated to include gusts of 43-51 knots (49-58 mph) as well. So a gale can occur without a mean of 34 knots or more if a gust reaches Beaufort force nine or higher, which to me confuses the whole issue. The definition of a gale day remains the same.
I notice the definition in the Marine Forecast glossary on the Met OfficeUKMO The Meteorological Office is the United Kingdom's national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy website rather ambiguously fails to mention at all sustained mean speed of 10 minutes in its definition of various gale warnings.
Definition of a Gale Read More »
I might fill this article out with some extra detail when I get the time. At the moment I am watching the slow thaw of 10 inches of snow in StrathpefferStrathpeffer Strathpeffer (Scottish Gaelic: Srath Pheofhair) is a village and spa town in Easter Ross, Highland, Scotland, with a population of 1,469. which I find very distracting and rather depressing 😪
13-19 January 2024 | Cold Spell Read More »
The definition for frost severity as laid down by the Meteorological Office in their Glossary of 1991, has remained unchanged for many years. Frost severity is dependent not just on the lowest minimum temperature, but also on the wind speed, so there are two sets of values for ‘slight’, ‘moderate’, ‘severe’ and ‘very severe’, one for when mean wind speeds are 10 knots or more and one for when they are less.
There are many euphemisms for frost used by today’s weathercasters that are simply misleading and bad practice. Common amongst these are ‘sharp’, ‘touch’, ‘pinch’, ‘hard’, and ‘light’, they’re all bollocks as far as I am concerned. If weathercasters stuck to the same rigid definition the general public might have a better clue to just how severe an upcoming frost might be, what a forlorn hope of mine that will ever happen.
It’s also interesting to note that the glossary mentions just two basic types of frost, an ‘air frostair frost An air frost occurs when the temperature of the air falls below 0.0°C’, and a ‘ground frost’, so forget about ‘grass frost’, even if the thermometer that’s used to measure it is referred to as a ‘grass minimum’ thermometer.
Frost severity definition Read More »
Although we’ve seen a number of snow showers this morning in StrathpefferStrathpeffer Strathpeffer (Scottish Gaelic: Srath Pheofhair) is a village and spa town in Easter Ross, Highland, Scotland, with a population of 1,469., they all proved light and were on their last legs before they managed to put a dusting down along the Strath. This is our sixth winter here, and I reckon that snow showers in a winter situation like this with a 30-40 knot N’NW gradient generally have a range of around 90 km as they come in land from the north coast before they simply just run out of steam, or should that be water vapor. Obviously with a stronger gradient, deeper cold air and increased instability, or change in wind direction that 90 km longevity might well increase.
The Bermuda Triangle of Scotland Read More »
It looks like this January (2024) could turn into a very anticyclonic month from this weekend, so I thought I would take a look back in the objective LWTLWT Lamb Weather Types are often used in UK-based analyses, with individual weather patterns based on the eight primary cardinal directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) plus cyclonic (C), anticyclonic (A) and unclassified (U) types. records, which started in 1871, and found that January 1992 was the most anticyclonic on record., although despite it being so anticyclonic, it never really managed to generate more than a few easterly days at the start of the third week.
MSLPMSLP Mean sea level pressure is the pressure at sea level, or, when measured at a given elevation on land, the station pressure reduced to sea level assuming an isothermal layer at the station temperature. that month across the UKUK The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. got close to 1050 hPahPa A Hectopascal is the SI unit of pressure and identical to the Millibar on the 26th as you can see from the chart for 12 UTCUTC Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean solar time (such as UT1) at 0° longitude (at the IERS Reference Meridian as the currently used prime meridian) and is not adjusted for daylight saving time. It is effectively a successor to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)., the highest on that chart was 1049.0 hPa at Cynwyd in Denbighshire. I only have main synoptic hour data so it may have broken through 1050 hPa. Notice that they’re also plotted SYNOPSYNOP SYNOP (surface synoptic observations) is a numerical code (called FM-12 by WMO) used for reporting weather observations made by manned and automated weather stations. SYNOP reports are typically mad hourly and consist of groups of numbers (and slashes where data is not available) describing general weather information, such as the temperature, barometric pressure and visibility at a weather station. reports from Cape Wrath, Butt of Lewis and Binbrook on that chart, those were the days 😉
One other point about January 1992 is that it was also a El NinoEl Niño El Niño 'The Boy' is the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific month.
The most anticyclonic January – 1992 Read More »
At a glance it looks like MSLPMSLP Mean sea level pressure is the pressure at sea level, or, when measured at a given elevation on land, the station pressure reduced to sea level assuming an isothermal layer at the station temperature. across the UKUK The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. in 2023 was more often below average than it was above. There were a couple of notable anticyclonic spells in January and February, and again from mid May into Mid June, but that was about it, with extended cyclonic spells in January, March, July and from mid October to mid November.
Mean Sea Level Pressure – 2023 Read More »
MSLPMSLP Mean sea level pressure is the pressure at sea level, or, when measured at a given elevation on land, the station pressure reduced to sea level assuming an isothermal layer at the station temperature. anomalies in December were not too dissimilar to those of November, with the Icelandic low pushed further south into mid-Atlantic by higher than usual pressure across Greenland. Pressure was lower than average across the 55N latitude from Scotland east into the southern Baltic(-8 hPahPa A Hectopascal is the SI unit of pressure and identical to the Millibar) and higher than average (+5 hPa) to the west of Portugal. This all added up to a tight W’SW flow from the central Atlantic across England and Wales, and eastward on into Germany and Poland. All a result of a south shifted jet stream for much of the month.
Circulation – December 2023 Read More »
I’ve developed yet another Windows weather application, one that I have been meaning to write for several years now, it analyses reported hourly wind speed and gusts in SYNOPSYNOP SYNOP (surface synoptic observations) is a numerical code (called FM-12 by WMO) used for reporting weather observations made by manned and automated weather stations. SYNOP reports are typically mad hourly and consist of groups of numbers (and slashes where data is not available) describing general weather information, such as the temperature, barometric pressure and visibility at a weather station. observations from WMOWMO The World Meteorological Organisation is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics. block #03, and produces a simple daily and hourly gale index [GIGI Gale Index] for all available stations below 250M, which usually ends up being around 150 sites across the UKUK The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. and Ireland. I’ve done it to see how viable it would be for an organisation, such as the UKMOUKMO The Meteorological Office is the United Kingdom's national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, to come up with an objective, rather than a subjective way of naming storms. The screenshot above shows a data grid of hourly GI in the main form, with daily and hourly data from the 26th of September up to the 21st of December 2023. I have now analysed all hourly SYNOP data back to 2015, which is the year naming storms commenced in the UK.
The GI itself is very simple, and is just the sum of the mean Beaufort force for each station plus half the Beaufort force of it’s highest gust, from all stations for that hour. I’ve found that from looking at all previous named storms that an index of 100 equates to a gale and 200 to a named storm event. You can see the seven named storms we’ve seen since the start of the 2023/24 season. Using these values as a guide I can easily list all the named storms. Some of these were named other Met Services other than the UKMO, and a couple of the storms were named for their heavy rain rather that strong winds.
This is where the fun starts, because as you can see Pia, a storm named by the DMIDMI The Danish Meteorological Institute is the national meteorological service for Denmark and Greenland. on the 21st of December, had a maximum hourly GI of 709 which is at least twice as high as any of the previous named storm so far this season. It was eventually named, but surprisingly not by the UKMO. If you look down the table you’ll also notice storm Ciaran only had a GI of 169, and using the 200 threshold for storms as a guide it should not have been named. There are plenty more named storms like Ciaran that just didn’t make the grade. There are also other times when a GI exceeded 200 but that didn’t result in a storm being named. On looking back I’ve found that this often occurs when a low affects Scotland, and I beleive it’s because the UKMO link the naming of storms with their NSWWSNSWWS The National Severe Weather Warning Service is a service provided by the Met Office in the United Kingdom. The purpose of this service is to warn the public and emergency responders of severe or hazardous weather which has the potential to cause danger to life or widespread disruption. This allows emergency responders to put plans into place to help protect the public and also allowing the public to make necessary preparations.. Usually, but not always, if they issue an amber warning a storm automatically gets named, sometimes a yellow warning is all that’s required outside Scotland, but because the threshold for an amber strong wind warning is 80 mph (or higher) rather than 70 mph for elsewhere in the UK, amber warnings are rarer in Scotland. That’s the reason why I believe the UKMO didn’t choose to name Pia.
The next logical step is to break down the GI regionally because that’s it weakness.
Below is a ranked list of all the named storms since 2015 and all the missed events. As you can see I have also assigned each named storn a category from one to five. Ciara, a category five storm, had the highest maximum GI of any of them. In third place you’ll notice is the Ross-shire (or the unnamed) storm of January 2015 which I’ve included because it occurred just before the naming of storm commenced.
This application is still WIPWIP Work In Progress so ignore the mean column for now I will get round to fixing it.
Call me old fashioned or even out-of-date if you like, but Tristan Gooley book ‘The secret world of weather’ does contain a number of errors in my opinion. I’ve not read it cover to cover because I don’t particularly like his writing style (‘joyful breeze’ I don’t think so 🤨), and compared with a really good book about the weather, such as Gordon Manley classic ‘Climate and the British Scene’, this book comes a very poor second. Take for instance Tristan’s description of ‘glazed ice’. He seems to be confused with ‘ground ice’ and ‘glaze’ or clear ice. Glaze is formed when supercooled water droplets come into contact with objects such as trees or roads the temperature of which are close to freezing, and when they do, a layer of ice forms instantly on the object. Frozen water on roads and paths is dangerous enough, but the results of glazed ice are far more dangerous. I’ll add to this post if I find any other goofs when, and if, I attempt to read any more of it. 😉
The Secret World of Weather – Tristan Gooley Read More »
In November it looks like the semi-permanent Icelandic low decided to do some early Christmas shopping and head southeast towards Scotland. Thanks to blocking, from Greenland across to northern Scandinavia, for much of the month, anomalies were low from Denmark to eastern Russia (-12 hPahPa A Hectopascal is the SI unit of pressure and identical to the Millibar) and higher (+8 hPa) to the northeast of Iceland. Much of the cyclonic activity in the first half of the month took place at latitude 50° north, the North Atlantic’s answer to the roaring forties. 😉
Here’s a closer look at the daily charts and associated LWTLWT Lamb Weather Types are often used in UK-based analyses, with individual weather patterns based on the eight primary cardinal directions (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) plus cyclonic (C), anticyclonic (A) and unclassified (U) types. and GIGI Gale Index.
November 2023 – Mean Pressure Read More »
The December 2023 cold spell Read More »
Did you know that a minimum air temperature of 0.0°C is NOT a frost? An air frostair frost An air frost occurs when the temperature of the air falls below 0.0°C only occurs when the air temperature in a Stevenson screen falls below zero celsius i.e. goes negative and not before. The Met OfficeUKMO The Meteorological Office is the United Kingdom's national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy website in an item about the types of frost is wrong. I did inform them of the fact and they have promised to correct it.
The UKMOUKMO The Meteorological Office is the United Kingdom's national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy are in pretty good company not understanding what the exact definition of frost is, neither do the “experts” down at the Royal Meteorological Society either. I informed them about this slip up on their website a while ago, but so far the haven’t bothered to reply.
I notice that the Royal Meteorological Society have now corrected the ‘Touch of frost’ article on their website about the definition of what an air frost is, but not so much as a thank you from them. At least I did get a reply from the Met Office help desk, but it still hasn’t been corrected on their website the last time I looked.
I was astounded to find when I bought the book by the Met Office called ‘Very British Weather’ to add to my collection of books on weather and climate, that they had it wrong too.
On page 181 of the book I notice it states that ‘freezing conditions’ occur ‘when the temperature is at or below 0°C’. There’s no arguing that 0.0°C is the freezing point of water, but ‘freezing conditions’, even an ‘air frost’, surely can’t occur until the air temperature is below that temperature, and not at it. It’s a small even a trivial point, but these three instances are or were all wrong. I’m still trying to understand what the paragraph at the foot of the page is trying to say.😉
The definition of freezing and what constitutes an air frost Read More »
October 2023 – MSLP Read More »
Not so much an item as a Twitter dump of stories, charts, graphs and images from tweets I wrote concerning Storm Babet. Not sorted out too well chronologically either. I’ll try to do better next time. Maybe I’ll stick with the blog and just upload links to Twitter from now on?
Storm Babet 18-21 October 2023 Read More »
I hadn’t realised how many hourly rainfall reports were available in the SYNOPSYNOP SYNOP (surface synoptic observations) is a numerical code (called FM-12 by WMO) used for reporting weather observations made by manned and automated weather stations. SYNOP reports are typically mad hourly and consist of groups of numbers (and slashes where data is not available) describing general weather information, such as the temperature, barometric pressure and visibility at a weather station. reports I download from OGIMET, so I finally decided to write an additional dedicated viewer to my SYNOP application to view them with. The viewer consists of the usual interlinked data grid to view each hourly total, a map to plot those hourly values on, and a chart in the form of a hyetograph for the selected station. I’ve added the ability to produce an animated GIF of the map as it steps through each selected hour. I’ll add an animation when I get a suitable weather situation. I haven’t checked to see how closely the hourly totals match up to the 6, 12, and 24 hourly reported values but you would think if the AWSAWS Automatic Weather Station software was doing its job right they should be the same. The only trouble is hourly values of one mm or more are in whole numbers.
The next logical step would be to add hourly data from the EAEA The Environment Agency is a non-departmental public body, established in 1996 and sponsored by the United Kingdom government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England., SEPASEPA The Scottish Environment Protection Agency is Scotland's principal environmental regulator, protecting and improving Scotland's environment. and whatever the Welsh versions called, I do have separate applications for the EA and the SEPA but it might be quite a task to meld three into one.
Hourly Rainfall Viewer Read More »
A very wet weekend across Scotland with many reports of flooding on both the road and rail network. It never picked up much news coverage nationally or in Scotland itself. That’s not surprising because most local news is done by posting stories, and particular images and videos, on social media these days. The idea of having reporters on the ground to chase up and write about stories like this have almost gone.
What amazes me that is we would rather close the railways down for the weekend rather than fix the problem. What remains of our railway network is a vital infrastructure and should not be prone to flooding like this. I don’t believe that in the 21st century that we can’t invest and install adequate drainage to prevent the ever increasing number of events like this from happening.
There was upwards of 200 mm on the high ground in the wettest places as you can see in these estimates from weather radar. I think we ended up with ~87 mm in around 48 hours here in StrathpefferStrathpeffer Strathpeffer (Scottish Gaelic: Srath Pheofhair) is a village and spa town in Easter Ross, Highland, Scotland, with a population of 1,469.. Although the ground was temporarily saturated and did flood for a while, it wasn’t long before the ground absorbed it, because up until now this year has been much drier than average.
It all came in stark contrast to the sunny skies and very warm weather further south across England, Wales and Ireland, with temperatures of 26°C or higher, whilst in Scotland, sub-zero temperatures and snow was reported on the highest of the Cairngorms.
Finally this event, even though it didn’t have any strong winds associated with it, should have been declared a named storm. Why it wasn’t defies any logic, especially when two amber warnings were issued for it. Most of the public will have already forgotten about storm Agnes, but memories of this heavy rain and flooding might stick around a bit longer.
Heavy rain across Scotland | 6-8 October 2023 Read More »
I had never heard what an Hovmöller diagram was until I watched the Deep Dive video produced by the Met OfficeUKMO The Meteorological Office is the United Kingdom's national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and put out on their Youtube channel yesterday. The Hovmöller diagram was first introduced by Ernest Aabo Hovmöller (1912-2008), a Danish meteorologist, in a paper that he published in 1949. I had seen charts like it before used to display climate data, but hadn’t realised that they had a name. In reality they’re very similar to a heat map as far as I can see, but I decided to see if I could reproduce one in software that was as similar as possible to the one that Alex Deakin showed.
As you can see the X-axis displays values of longitude for a fixed line of latitude, in this case 55° north. The Y-axis displays dates over the last month. In the Hovmöller diagram above I’ve displaid MSLPMSLP Mean sea level pressure is the pressure at sea level, or, when measured at a given elevation on land, the station pressure reduced to sea level assuming an isothermal layer at the station temperature. values from six hourly reanalysis data. It clearly shows various anticyclonic spells in red and hot spots of cyclonicity in blue. I think it will come in very handy as another way of looking at global MSLP or temperature climate data over a longer period although I’ve still to write the code for that😉
I was watching the Deep Dive video produced by the UKMOUKMO The Meteorological Office is the United Kingdom's national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, and presented so well by Alex Deakin about the weather in September 2023 on Youtube as you do. He showed two anomaly charts for MSLPMSLP Mean sea level pressure is the pressure at sea level, or, when measured at a given elevation on land, the station pressure reduced to sea level assuming an isothermal layer at the station temperature., one for the first half of September and the other for the second half that showed how anomaly charts for the whole month can sometimes be misleading. In this case it was how the remarkable warm spell in the first half of the month contrasted with the more mobile second half. The resulting anomaly chart for the whole of the September cancelled out the anticyclonic SE’ly in the first half that brought all the high temperatures.
September 2023 – When anomaly charts hide the real picture Read More »
A classic mean pressure chart for September that bears a striking resemblance to charts of mean pressure for the whole year that you might see in many geography textbooks. Pressure was much lower across the eastern Atlantic (-5hPa) than usual, and much higher across the Ukraine and eastern Russia (+6hPa), resulting in a fairly strong SW’ly flow across the country.
September 2023 – Mean MSLP Read More »
I have added a new viewer to my SYNOPSYNOP SYNOP (surface synoptic observations) is a numerical code (called FM-12 by WMO) used for reporting weather observations made by manned and automated weather stations. SYNOP reports are typically mad hourly and consist of groups of numbers (and slashes where data is not available) describing general weather information, such as the temperature, barometric pressure and visibility at a weather station. climate application to display estimated daily temperatures for the whole of the UKUK The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.. I use as many daily reported maximum and minimum temperatures from WMOWMO The World Meteorological Organisation is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics. stations 03001 to 03950 as I can to calculate a UK mean for all stations below 250 M amslAMSL The height Above Mean Sea Level.. That equates to around 120 observations each day. Nowhere near as accurate as the 1 km x 1 km gridded estimates from the UKMOUKMO The Meteorological Office is the United Kingdom's national weather service. It is an executive agency and trading fund of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, but good enough for me. As you can see it picks out the two heatwaves that have occurred this year. It does look like my estimates maybe just two high though, because mean temperatures in both July and August were much close to average than this. That’s not really that surprising because its totally dependent on an even spread of site location, but they tend to be further south and coastal sites. I suppose that I could use all available sites, even those on mountains, and adjust their temperatures down to sea level.
UK Daily Temperatures so far in 2023 Read More »
I updated my Meteogram viewer yesterday which displays hourly SYNOPSYNOP SYNOP (surface synoptic observations) is a numerical code (called FM-12 by WMO) used for reporting weather observations made by manned and automated weather stations. SYNOP reports are typically mad hourly and consist of groups of numbers (and slashes where data is not available) describing general weather information, such as the temperature, barometric pressure and visibility at a weather station. observations for any period in a 4×5 grid of charts. Some values are straight from the SYNOP, others are derived. I think you’ll agree, there’s a lot of observational and climate information locked up in each humble SYNOP. I’ve tried to graph all possible data types from the observation, the degree of windchill will require some further work😉
Mega SYNOP Meteogram Read More »
